Contaminação pelo Covid-19 em profissionais de hospital de referência no Pará / Contamination by Covid-19 in professionals of a reference hospital in Para's state / Contaminación por Covid-19 en profesionales de un hospital de referencia del estado de Pará

A pandemia do novo coronavírus colocou em alerta os sistemas de saúde, estabelecendo sentimentos de instabilidade e de medo. O trabalho é e importante pilar para o traçado de políticas públicas. Objetivo: analisar a contaminação pelo COVID-19 em profissionais de hospital de referência no Pará. Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, quantitativo, observacional, com aplicação de série temporal no período de março de 2020 a março de 2022. Foram incluídos todos os servidores atuantes durante a pandemia, que apresentaram atestados médicos com diagnóstico de COVID, e/ou testagem positiva, ou atestados por suspeita de contaminação. O perfil de servidores foi analisado, explorando as variáveis sexo, idade, convivência ou não com parceiros, grau de escolaridade, cargo e setor; juntamente com a incidência de casos confirmados e incidência total (suspeitos e confirmados). Resultados: O total de afastamentos do trabalho devido ao diagnóstico de COVID-19 foi de 1.420 casos, mais 839 casos suspeitos; sendo que 173 trabalhadores apresentaram reincidência. A incidência foi maior nos meses de maio de 2020, março de 2021 e janeiro de 2022. Houve predominância do sexo feminino e da categoria de enfermagem. Setores administrativos e financeiros apresentaram maior porcentagem de contaminados durante a pandemia (73,40%), proporcionalmente ao quantitativo de servidores atuantes na lotação. Entretanto, foram servidores da assistência direta ao paciente que apresentaram maior porcentagem de reinfecção. Conclusão: Foi possível visualizar três ondas na distribuição temporal dos casos de COVID-19, com destaque para elevação nos primeiros meses de 2022. O declínio no diagnóstico de casos novos no hospital estudado após dois anos de pandemia pode representar esforços individuais e coletivos em resistir às dificuldades da conjuntura. É importante observar o comportamento da pandemia em distintas regiões do Brasil para atualização de estratégias de enfrentamento como um todo.

The new coronavirus pandemic has put health systems on alert, establishing feelings of instability and fear. Working is an important pillar for the design of public policies. Objective: to analyze the contamination by COVID-19 in professionals of a reference hospital in Para's State. Methodology: This is a retrospective, quantitative, observational study, with the application of a time series from March 2020 to March 2022. All civil servants working during the pandemic, who presented medical certificates with a diagnosis of COVID, and/or or positive test, or attestations for suspected contamination. The servants' profile was analyzed, exploring the variables sex, age, living or not with partners, education level, position and sector; along with the incidence of confirmed cases and total incidence (suspected and confirmed). Results: The total number of absences from work due to the diagnosis of COVID-19 was 1,420 cases, plus 839 suspected cases; 173 workers presented recurrence. The incidence was higher in the months of May 2020, March 2021 and January 2022. There was a predominance of females and the nursing category. Administrative and financial sectors had a higher percentage of people infected during the pandemic (73.40%), proportionally to the number of servers working in the capacity. However, it was direct patient care workers who had the highest percentage of reinfection. Conclusion: It was possible to visualize three waves in the temporal distribution of COVID-19 cases, with emphasis on an increase in the first months of 2022. The decline in the diagnosis of new cases in the hospital studied after two years of the pandemic may represent individual and collective efforts to resist to the difficulties of the situation. It is important to observe the behavior of the pandemic in different regions of Brazil to update coping strategies in a general scenery.

La nueva pandemia de coronavirus ha puesto en alerta a los sistemas de salud, estableciendo sentimientos de inestabilidad y miedo. El trabajo es un pilar importante para el diseño de políticas públicas. Objetivo: analizar la contaminación por COVID-19 en profesionales de un hospital de referencia en el Estado de Pará. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo, cuantitativo, observacional, con la aplicación de una serie de tiempo de marzo de 2020 a marzo de 2022. Todos los funcionarios que trabajaron durante la pandemia, que presentaron certificados médicos con diagnóstico de COVID, y/o o test positivo, o atestados por sospecha de contaminación. Se analizó el perfil de los funcionarios, explorando las variables sexo, edad, convivencia o no con la pareja, nivel de escolaridad, cargo y sector; junto con la incidencia de casos confirmados y la incidencia total (sospechosos y confirmados). Resultados: El número total de bajas laborales por diagnóstico de COVID-19 fue de 1.420 casos, más 839 casos sospechosos; 173 trabajadores presentaron recurrencia. La incidencia fue mayor en los meses de mayo de 2020, marzo de 2021 y enero de 2022. Hubo predominio del sexo femenino y de la categoría de enfermería. Los sectores administrativo y financiero presentaron mayor porcentaje de infectados durante la pandemia (73,40%), proporcionalmente al número de servidores que trabajaban en esa función. Sin embargo, fueron los trabajadores de atención directa al paciente los que presentaron el mayor porcentaje de reinfección. Conclusiones: Fue posible visualizar tres olas en la distribución temporal de los casos de COVID-19, destacándose un aumento en los primeros meses de 2022. La disminución en el diagnóstico de nuevos casos en el hospital estudiado después de dos años de pandemia puede representar esfuerzos individuales y colectivos para resistir a las dificultades de la situación. Es importante observar el comportamiento de la pandemia en diferentes regiones de Brasil para actualizar las estrategias de afrontamiento en un escenario general.

Trauma em ambientes rurais: avaliação de pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva / Trauma in rural environments: evaluation of patients interned in intensive care unit / Traumatismos en entornos rurales: evaluación de los pacientes ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos

O acesso limitado do atendimento ao trauma aumenta proporcionalmente à ruralidade, refletindo em uma maior mortalidade e invalidez a longo prazo. A pesquisa objetivou identificar os desfechos de pacientes internados por trauma em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, acometidos em ambientes rurais. Trata-se de um estudo transversal observacional realizado em uma UTI geral de um hospital da região central do Estado do Paraná entre 2013 a 2019, através da análise de prontuários de 230 pacientes traumatizados em ambiente rural. Os dados foram analisados por meio de testes de Qui-quadrado de Pearson, exato de Fisher ou t de Student. Dentre os desfechos identificados, observou-se associação do sexo feminino com as comorbidades (p=0,024), das regiões mais afetadas de cabeça, pescoço e tórax com a gravidade do trauma (p=0,001), além de variáveis do primeiro atendimento, como suporte respiratório básico, PAS <90mmHg e Glasgow associados à pacientes cirúgicos e pupilas alteradas em pacientes clínicos. Para o desfecho, observou-se que as médias do tempo de permanência hospitalar foi significativamente menor para aqueles que foram a óbito. As características apresentadas assemelham-se às informações mencionadas na literatura, em que as lesões graves com a necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica e maior tempo de permanência hospitalar estão associados ao óbito em traumas rurais. Contudo, o trauma no ambiente rural, apesar de não refletir nem sempre em maior gravidade, apresenta desfechos impactantes para o paciente.

Limited access to trauma care increases proportionally to rurality, reflecting higher mortality and long-term disability. The research aimed to identify the outcomes of patients hospitalized for trauma in Intensive Care Units, affected in rural environments. This is an observational cross-sectional study carried out in a general ICU of a hospital in the central region of the State of Paraná between 2013 and 2019, through the analysis of medical records of 230 trauma patients in a rural environment. Data were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square, Fisher's exact or Student's t tests. Among the outcomes identified, there was an association between female sex and comorbidities (p=0.024), the most affected regions of the head, neck and chest with the severity of the trauma (p=0.001), in addition to variables of the first care, such as basic respiratory support, SBP <90mmHg and Glasgow associated with surgical patients and altered pupils in medical patients. For the outcome, it was observed that the average length of hospital stay was significantly lower for those who died. The characteristics presented are similar to the information mentioned in the literature, in which serious injuries requiring surgical intervention and longer hospital stays are associated with death in rural traumas. However, trauma in the rural environment, although not always reflecting greater severity, has impacting outcomes for the patient.

El acceso limitado a la atención traumatológica aumenta proporcionalmente a la ruralidad, lo que se refleja en una mayor mortalidad y discapacidad a largo plazo. La investigación tenía como objetivo identificar los resultados de los pacientes ingresados por traumatismos en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, afectados en entornos rurales. Se trata de un estudio observacional transversal realizado en una UCI general de un hospital de la región central del Estado de Paraná entre 2013 y 2019, a través del análisis de las historias clínicas de 230 pacientes lesionados en el medio rural. Los datos se analizaron mediante las pruebas de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, exacta de Fisher o t de Student. Entre los resultados identificados, el sexo femenino se asoció con las comorbilidades (p=0,024), las regiones más afectadas de la cabeza, el cuello y el tórax con la gravedad del traumatismo (p=0,001), además de las variables de los primeros cuidados, como la asistencia respiratoria básica, la PAS <90mmHg y el Glasgow asociado a los pacientes quirúrgicos y las pupilas alteradas en los pacientes clínicos. En cuanto al resultado, se observó que la duración media de la estancia hospitalaria fue significativamente menor para los que murieron. Las características presentadas son similares a la información mencionada en la literatura, en la que las lesiones graves con necesidad de intervención quirúrgica y mayor estancia hospitalaria se asocian a la muerte en el trauma rural. Sin embargo, el traumatismo en el medio rural, a pesar de no reflejar siempre una mayor gravedad, presenta resultados impactantes para el paciente.

Concepções de jovens educandos sobre sistema e serviços de saúde públicos / Conceptualizaciones de jóvenes educandos sobre sistema y servicios de salud públicos / Conceptions of young students about public health system and services

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as concepções de jovens educandos sobre o sistema e serviços de saúde públicos, a partir da pesquisa participante. Métodos: pesquisa participante realizada no período de outubro a dezembro de 2017, com 12 educandos de 12 a 16 anos, pertencentes a uma escola pública de Pelotas. A coleta e análise de dados ocorreu por meio do Círculo de Cultura e Photovoice. Resultados: os educandos associam serviços de saúde com doenças e questões biológicas, e sabem que os serviços prestados pelo Sistema Único de saúde são financiados com dinheiro público. A visão dos educandos sobre a Unidade Básica de Saúde foi preocupante pelo desconhecimento sobre o que é este serviço, apesar da proximidade física com a escola e, além disso, referem não frequentar a unidade. Considerações finais: o diálogo permitiu o reconhecimento de concepções dos educandos relativo ao sistema de saúde, porém evidenciou desconhecimento e falta de vivências em serviços públicos. Isto reforça a importância da promoção do diálogo no espaço da escola para que se tenha a formação de cidadãos críticos e atuantes na sociedade, podendo refletir na construção de outros significados e valores e com isso, outras concepções de sociedade, saúde e doença.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las conceptualizaciones de jóvenes educandos sobre el sistema y servicios de salud públicos, a partir de la investigación participante. Método: investigación participante realizada en el período de octubre a diciembre de 2017, con 12 educandos de 12 a 16 años, pertenecientes a una escuela pública de Pelotas-RS-Brasil. La recolección y el análisis de datos se llevó a cabo a través del Círculo de Cultura y Photovoice. Resultados: los educandos asocian los servicios de salud con enfermedades y problemas biológicos, y saben que los servicios prestados por el Sistema Único de Salud se financian con dinero público. La visión de los educandos sobre la Unidad Básica de Salud fue preocupante por el desconocimiento sobre qué es este servicio, a pesar de la proximidad física con la escuela y, además, relatan no frecuentar la unidad. Consideraciones finales: el diálogo permitió el reconocimiento de conceptualizaciones de los educandos relativo al sistema de salud, pero evidenció desconocimiento y falta de vivencias en servicios públicos. Esto refuerza la importancia de la promoción del diálogo en el espacio de la escuela para que se tenga la formación de ciudadanos críticos y actuantes en la sociedad, pudiendo reflejar en la construcción de otros significados y valores y con ello, otras conceptualizaciones de sociedad, salud y enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the conceptions of young students about the public health system and services, based on the participant research. Methods: participant research conducted from October to December 2017, with 12 students aged 12 to 16 years, belonging to a public school in Pelotas. Data collection and analysis occurred through the Circle of Culture and Photovoice. Results: students associate health services with diseases and biological issues, and know that the services provided by the Unified Health System are financed with public money. The students' view of the Basic Health Unit was worrisome because of the lack of knowledge about what this service is, despite the physical proximity to the school and, moreover, they reported not attending the unit. Final considerations: the dialogue allowed the recognition of students' conceptions related to the health system, but showed ignorance and lack of experiences in public services. This reinforces the importance of promoting dialogue in the school space so that critical and active citizens in society are trained, and may reflect on the construction of other meanings and values and thus other conceptions of society, health and disease.

Análisis de series temporales respecto tasas de mortalidad general e intrahospitalaria en egresos hospitalarios, población pediátrica oncohematológico, Chile 1997-2016 / Analysis of time series related general and in-hospital mortality rates in hospital discharges, pediatric onco hematological population, Chile 1997-2016

INTRODUCTION: Before the start of the GES program in 2002, mortality was 128.2 deaths per million children under 15 years of age (RENCI). This public program managed to ensure the opportunity for diagnosis and treatment in children under 15 years of age and those less than 25 years of age who recur. Objective: To assess how GES has impacted on in-hospital mortality and lethality between1997and 2016. Methods: Retrospective case control study of 28,997 hospital discharges and 12,434 deaths analyzed using Prais-Weinstein time series between the years 1997 to 2016. They prepared contingency tables with data on: hospital discharges, age, sex and forecasts for 2001 and 2016. Fisher's p <0.05 test was used. Results: For the PreGes period an increase of 1.8% in the male crude mortality rate was observed, while for the Post Ges period an increase was observed with a breaking point at the end of 2008, with an increase of 11.04% compared to the PreGes period. An unexpected increase in the female mortality rate was observed. The odd's ratios associated with sex (higher mortality inmen than in women)0.816CI-0.679- 0.982; p <0.05; OR'S age 1,047 (0.981 per year) IC-1.044-1.051; p <0.0001 FORECAST (FONASA-1.942 IC 1.304-2.89 / ISAPRE = 2.186; IC = 1.267-3.773 p <0.005); Hospitalization days = 1.031 confirmed our research hypothesis 1.026-1.035 p <0.0001. Conclusion: This study found that there are statistically significant differences regarding hospital discharges between the public-private system, in relation to mortality andincreasein sustained crudemalemortality between the years1997 to 2016

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antes del inicio del programa GESen2002, la mortalidad era 128,2 muertes por millón de niños menores de 15 años (RENCI). Este programa público logró asegurar la oportunidad de diagnóstico y tratamiento en menores de15 años y aquellos menores de25añosque recidivan. Objetivo: Evaluar cómo el GES ha impactado en la mortalidad y letalidad intrahospitalaria entre1997a2016. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de control de casos en 28.997 egresos hospitalarios y 12.434 defunciones analizadas mediante series temporales de Prais-Weinstein entre los años 1997 a 2016. Se prepararon tablas de contingencia con datos sobre: egresos hospitalarios, edad, sexo y previsiones para2001y 2016.Se utilizóla prueba p <0.05de Fisher. Resultados: Se observó para el período PreGES un incremento de 1.8% en la tasa mortalidad cruda masculina, mientras que para el período Post GES se observó un incremento con punto de quiebre a fines del año 2008, con incremento del 11,04% respecto al período PreGES. Se observó incremento no sostenido en la tasa mortalidad femenina. Los odd's ratios asociados al sexo (mayor mortalidad en hombres que en mujeres) 0.816 IC-0.679-0.982; p <0,05; OR'S edad 1,047 (0.981 por año) IC-1.044-1.051; p<0.0001 PREVISIÓN (FONASA-1.942 IC 1.304-2.89 / ISAPRE =2.186; IC= 1,267-3,773 p<0.005); Días de Hospitalización=1,031 confirmó nuestra hipótesis de investigación 1,026-1,035 p<0.0001. Conclusión: Este estudio encontró que hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto egresos hospitalarios entre el sistema público privado, en relación con la mortalidad e incremento en la mortalidad cruda masculina sostenida entre los años 1997 a 2016. acción en la función auditiva mediante audiometría tonal.

Dotación fonoaudiológica para la atención de pacientes adultos en hospitales de alta complejidad en Chile / Speech and language therapists for attending adult patients in high-complexity hospitals in Chile

A nivel internacional se propone un mínimo de un profesional fonoaudiólogo por cada diez camas críticas o más, dependiendo de la complejidad de cada institución. En Chile no existen lineamientos similares, no obstante, el Ministerio de Salud ha generado recomendaciones para el cálculo de la brecha profesional según número y complejidad de las camas hospitalarias. El objetivo de este estudio es estimar el número de fonoaudiólogos y horas de contratación teóricas requeridas para la atención de pacientes adultos hospitalizados en instituciones públicas de alta complejidad en Chile. Para ello se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal. Se incluyeron todos los hospitales públicos de alta complejidad del país, excluyendo aquellos pediátricos y psiquiátricos. Como instrumentos se utilizaron el documento "Modelo de Gestión Red de Rehabilitación" del Ministerio de Salud, la base de datos actualizada del total de camas de la red hospitalaria y el software Microsoft Excel. El estudio fue aprobado por Comité Ético Científico del Hospital San Juan de Dios. En total 59 de 188 hospitales existentes en Chile fueron incluidos. De acuerdo con el análisis realizado basado en el número de camas en Chile, se requieren aproximadamente 269 fonoaudiólogos contratados 44 horas semanales para la atención de pacientes adultos en hospitales de alta complejidad. De ellos 104 se ubican en la Región Metropolitana; alrededor de 31 en la Región del BíoBío y cerca de 24 en la Región de Valparaíso. Se sugiere la revisión de las orientaciones ministeriales y la realización de un segundo estudio sobre la brecha profesional existente en Chile con los datos obtenidos.

International institutions have suggested one Speech and Language Therapist per ten critical beds, and possibly even more forhigh-complexity institutions. However, there are no similar recommendations in Chile, although the Ministry of Health has developed recommendations to calculate the number of professionals required according to the number and type of clinical bed. The aim of this study is to describe the number of Speech and Language Therapists along with the number of theorical working hours per week required for the attention of hospitalised adult patients in high-complexity hospitals in Chile, for which a descriptive, observational and transversal study was performed. High-complexity hospitals were included, excluding psychiatric and paediatric institutions. Microsoft Excel, the "Modelo de Gestión Red de Rehabilitación" guideline from the Ministry of Health, and the updated database of the clinical network beds were also used. This study was previously approved by a Research Ethics Committee from Hospital San Juan de Dios, and a total of 59 out of 188 hospitals were included. According to the analysis based on features of the clinical beds, 269 Speech and Language Therapists are required for 44 hours per week to attend adult patients in high-complexity hospitals across the country. Of the 269 professionals, 104 are needed in the Metropolitan region, approximately 31 in the Bío-Bío region and circa 24 in the Valparaíso region. According to these results, it is suggested the Ministry review its guidelines and undertake a further project in order to identify the current professional gap in Chile.

Caracterización de la productividad quirúrgica en el Hospital Regional de Arica Dr. Juan Noé Crevani, años 2015-2019 / Characterization of the surgical productivity of the Dr. Juan Noé Crevani Regional Hospital of Arica, 2015-2019

La actividad quirúrgica es una dimensión de enorme importancia en la actividad asistencial, ya que, se ha determinado que el fortalecimiento de la capacidad quirúrgica, sobre todo en los hospitales, sería un medio sumamente costo eficiente de reducir la carga mundial de morbilidad. Actualmente en Chile la productividad hospitalaria es seguida y medida mediante diferentes indicadores (compromisos de gestión y balance score card) que principalmente se enfocan en el uso eficiente de los recursos. Estos indicadores se obtienen de los diferentes sistemas de registros como REM (resumen estadístico mensual) y GRD (grupo relacionado diagnóstico). El objetivo de este estudio es describir los principales indicadores de producción quirúrgica del hospital Juan Noé Crevani entre los años 2015 al 2019. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de la producción quirúrgica del Hospital Juan Noé Crevani en los años 2015 al 2019. Se observa en los registros estadísticos de producción en Hospital Juan Noé Crevani según REM, una variación en el trabajo de los pabellones quirúrgicos durante los años estudiados, junto a un aumento en la dotación de pabellones quirúrgicos, específicamente un aumento en la cantidad de horas disponibles para cirugía y un aumento en el número de intervenciones en el tiempo. Además, se observa una disminución del porcentaje de suspensiones. Las estancias medias en preoperatorios de las intervenciones programadas están cercanas a 0 evidenciando una buena gestión pre quirúrgica. Se observa una mejora en la media de los días pre quirúrgicos del servicio de cirugía en comparación al servicio de traumatología. En los años 2017 y 2018 se registra una mayor frecuencia de cirugía mayor ambulatoria. Los datos obtenidos a través de GRD se diferencian de los REM por el uso de diagnósticos CIE-10 y procedimientos CIE-9. Según los expertos, estos son los datos más correctos para poder tomar medidas de gestión clínica. Ambas herramientas no son comparables, pero mediante sus indicadores se pueden utilizar los recursos quirúrgicos en su máximo potencial.

Surgical activity is a very important dimension in healthcare activity, since it has been determined that strengthening surgical capacity, especially in hospitals, would be a highly cost-efficient means of reducing the global burden of morbidity. Currently in Chile, hospital productivity is monitored and measured through different indicators (management commitments and scorecard) that mainly focus on the efficient use of resources. These indicators are obtained from the different registry systems such as REM (monthly statistical summary) and GRD (diagnostic related group). The purpose of this study is to describe the main indicators of surgical production of the Juan Noé Crevani Hospital between the years 2015 to 2019. An observational, descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study of the surgical production of the Juan Noé Crevani Hospital was carried out in the years 2015 to 2019. Statistical records of production in Hospital Juan Noé Crevani according to REM, where the variation in the work of surgical wards is observed over the years, shows an increase in the number of surgical wards, specifically an increase in the number of hours available for surgery and thus the number of interventions has been increasing over time. In addition, the percentage of suspensions has improved, and elective major outpatient surgeries have a tendency to increase over the years. Juan Noé Crevani Hospital surgical production according to IR-GRD, between 50 and 54% of hospital discharges have surgical intervention. The preoperative MEs of the scheduled interventions are close to 0, showing good pre-surgical management. The surgery service has improved the average number of pre-surgical days compared to the trauma service. in 2017 and 2018 there was a higher frequency of major outpatient surgery. The data obtained through DRGs differ from REM data due to the use of ICD-10 diagnoses and ICD-9 procedures. According to experts, these are the most correct data to be able to take clinical management measures. Both tools are not comparable, but through their indicators, surgical resources can be used to their maximum potential.

Exploring Urological Experience in the COVID-19 Outbreak: American Confederation of Urology (CAU) Survey

ABSTRACT Purpose: To explore the current situation faced by Latin American urology departments during the COVID-19 Outbreak in terms of knowledge, actions, prioritization of urology practices, and implementation of internal clinical management protocols for inpatients and outpatients. Material and Methods: A non-validated, structured, self-administered, electronic survey with 35 closed multiple choice questions was conducted in Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and English and Deutsch versions from April 1st to April 30th, 2020. The survey was distributed through social networks and the official American Confederation of Urology (CAU) website. It was anonymous, mainly addressed to Latin American urologists and urology residents. It included 35 questions exploring different aspects: 1) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and internal management protocols for healthcare providers; 2) Priority surgeries and urological urgencies and 3) Inpatient and outpatient care. Results: Of 864 surveys received, 846 had at least 70% valid responses and were included in the statistical analyses. Surveys corresponded to South America in 62% of the cases, Central America and North America in 29.7%. 12.7% were residents. Regarding to PPE and internal management protocols, 88% confirmed the implementation of specific protocols and 45.4% have not received training to perform a safe clinical practice; only 2.3% reported being infected with COVID-19. 60.9% attended urgent surgeries. The following major uro-oncologic surgeries were reported as high priority: Radical Nephrectomy (RN) 58.4%, and Radical Cystectomy (RC) 57.3%. When we associate the capacity of hospitalization (urologic beds available) and percentage of high-priority surgery performed, we observed that centers with fewer urological beds (10-20) compared to centers with more urological beds (31-40) performed more frequently major urologic cancer surgeries: RN 54.5% vs 60.8% (p=0.0003), RC 53.1% vs 64.9% (p=0.005) respectively. Conclusions: At the time of writing (May 13th 2020) our data represents a snapshot of COVID-19 outbreak in Latin American urological practices. Our findings have practical implications and should be contextualized considering many factors related to patients and urological care: The variability of health care scenarios, institutional capacity, heterogeneity and burden of urologic disease, impact of surgical indications and decision making when prioritizing and scheduling surgeries in times of COVID-19 pandemic.

Antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in Mexican hospitals / Resistencia antimicrobiana y consumo de antibióticos en hospitales mexicanos

Abstract: Objective: To establish the current situation of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in Mexican hospitals. Materials and methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility data from blood and urine isolates were collected. Defined daily dose (DDD) of antibiotic consumption/100 occupied beds (OBD) was calculated. Results: Study period: 2016 and 2017. Of 4 382 blood isolates, E. coli and K. pneumoniae were most frequently reported, with antimicrobial resistance >30% for most drugs tested, only for carbapenems and amikacin resistance were <20%. A. baumannii had antimicrobial resistance >20% to all drugs. Resistance to oxacillin in S. aureus was 20%. From 12 151 urine isolates, 90% corresponded to E. coli; resistance to ciprofloxacin, cephalosporins and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was >50%, with good susceptibility to nitrofurantoin, amikacin and carbapenems. Global median antimicrobial consumption was 57.2 DDD/100 OB. Conclusions: This report shows a high antimicrobial resistance level in Gram-negative bacilli and provides an insight into the seriousness of the problem of antibiotic consumption.

Resumen: Objetivo: Establecer la situación actual de la resistencia antimicrobiana y el consumo de antibióticos en hospitales mexicanos. Material y métodos:F Se colectaron datos de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de aislamientos de sangre y orina. Se calculó la dosis diaria definida (DDD) del consumo de antibióticos/100 estancias. Resultados: Periodo de estudio de 2016 a 2017. De 4 382 aislamientos en sangre, E. coli y K. pneumoniae fueron las más frecuentes, con resistencia >30% a la mayoría de las drogas evaluadas; sólo para carbapenémicos y amikacina la resistencia fue <20%. A. baumannii tuvo resistencia >20% a todos los fármacos. La resistencia a oxacilina en S. aureus fue de 20%. De 12 151 aislamientos en urocultivos, 90% correspondió a E. coli; la resistencia a ciprofloxacina, cefalosporinas y trimetoprima/sulfametoxazol fue >50%, con buena susceptibilidad a nitrofurantoína, amikacina y carbapenémicos. La mediana del consumo global de antibióticos en DDD/100 estancias fue de 57.2. Conclusiones: Este reporte muestra el nivel elevado de resistencia en bacilos Gram-negativos y brinda una perspectiva de la gravedad del problema del consumo de antibióticos.

Asignación ética de recursos sanitarios escasos en el contexto de crisis por COVID-19 / Ethical allocation of scarce health care resources in the context of the COVID-19 crisis

La actual pandemia por COVID-19 tiene el potencial de sobrepasar la capacidad de hospitales y unidades de cuidados intensivos en Chile y América Latina. Por lo tanto, las autoridades locales tienen la obligación ética de estar preparadas mediante la implementación de medidas tendientes a evitar una situación de racionamiento de recursos sanitarios escasos, y a través de la definición de criterios éticamente aceptables y socialmente legítimos para la asignación de estos recursos. Este artículo presenta una respuesta a orientaciones éticas recientes emitidas por una institución académica chilena y analiza los principios éticos relevantes para la fundamentación ética de criterios de racionamiento. Se argumenta que, frente a circunstancias excepcionales como la actual pandemia, la moral centrada en el paciente de la medicina tradicional necesita ser ponderada con principios éticos formulados desde una perspectiva de salud pública, incluyendo los principios de utilidad social, justicia social y equidad, entre otros. Se concluye con algunas recomendaciones sobre cómo llegar a acuerdo sobre criterios de racionamiento y sobre la implementación de estos en la práctica clínica.

The current COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to overwhelm the capacity of hospitals and Intensive Care Units in Chile and Latin America. Thus local authorities have an ethical obligation to be prepared by implementing pertinent measures to prevent a situation of rationing of scarce healthcare resources, and by defining ethically acceptable and socially legitimate criteria for the allocation of these resources. This paper responds to recent ethical guidelines issued by a Chilean academic institution and discusses the main moral principles for the ethical foundations of criteria for rationing during the present crisis. It argues that under exceptional circumstances such as the current pandemic, the traditional patient-centered morality of medicine needs to be balanced with ethical principles formulated from a public health perspective, including the principles of social utility, social justice and equity, among others. The paper concludes with some recommendations regarding how to reach an agreement about rationing criteria and about their implementation in clinical practice.

Perfil epidemiológico dos nascimentos no Brasil (1930-2018) e nos hospitais no município do Rio de Janeiro (2011-2017) / Epidemiological profile of births in Brazil (1930-2018) and in hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro (2011-2017)

Objetivo: caracterizar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos nascimentos no Brasil (1930 a 2018) e nos hospitais no município do Rio de Janeiro (2011 a 2017), a partir de dados obtidos no Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos e Registro Civil. Método: O presente estudo foi dividido em duas partes. Para avaliar o perfil epidemiológico dos nascimentos no Brasil, realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura expressa em forma de artigo científico visando avaliar a evolução histórica dos nascimentos e partos. A busca eletrônica foi efetuada nas bases do SciELO e LILACS via BVS, Medline via PubMed e Google Scholar. A busca dos artigos sobre os locais e tipos de partos foram utilizados os descritores "live birth", "nascimentos", "nascidos vivos", "SINASC", "local de parto", "município", "partos vaginais", "partos cesáreos", "Brasil", e suas variações. Foram incluídos na revisão os artigos, dissertações e teses com textos completos, publicados em português, inglês ou espanhol, realizados em locais com mais de 500 nascidos vivos. Em seguida foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal na coorte de nascidos vivos nos hospitais do município do Rio de Janeiro entre 2011 a 2017. Foram coletadas as características sociodemográficas maternas, obstétricas e dos nascidos vivos, disponíveis na ficha de notificação de nascidos vivos. As análises foram efetuadas no Statistical Package for Social Science 22.0 com um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Das 87 publicações identificadas no período de 1930 a 2018, 81,6% foram publicadas a partir da década de 90, sendo que 9 (10,34%) informavam sobre local, 27 (31,03%) sobre local e tipo, e 51 (58,63%) somente sobre tipo de parto. Os partos domiciliares diminuíram progressivamente entre a década de 30 (93,8%) e década de 60 (51,9%), sendo superados pelos partos hospitalares, que a partir da década de 70 aumentaram de 66,1% para 99% ao final da década de 2010. O parto vaginal foi o mais frequente entre década de 50 (97%) e 80 (56%) e foi superado pelos partos cesáreos que chegou a 80% ao final da década de 2010. No município do Rio de Janeiro, do total de 640.126 nascidos vivos entre 2011 a 2017, 99,2% ocorreram em hospitais. Nesse período, observou-se um aumento de mães com idade superior a 35 anos (16,4%) e redução proporcional de mães adolescentes (15,1%), 47,4% apresentaram ensino médio, 49,4% pardas, 62,6% solteiras, 98,9% das mães residiam no município do Rio de Janeiro, houve aumento do número de consultas do pré-natal (73,8%), com 81,1% da primeira consulta realizada no 1º trimestre gestacional, sendo 56,4% dos partos cesáreos. O setor público foi responsável pela a maioria dos atendimentos (65,56%), atendendo maior percentual de mães adolescentes (22,45%), escolaridade intermediária (54,67%), pardas (61,54%), solteiras (78,51%), com menor número de consultas no pré-natal (64,07%) e parto vaginal mais frequente (61,81%). Já no privado, destacou-se uma parcela de mães com idade ≥35 anos (26,85%), com ensino superior (51,01%), brancas (66,77%), casadas (59,78%), com mais de 7 consultas no pré-natal (92,58%), com maior percentual de primeira consulta realizada no 1º trimestre gestacional (94,34%) e com elevado percentual de cesarianas (91,05%). Conclusão: Entre o período de 1930 a 2018 no Brasil, o local de parto deixou de ser realizado no ambiente domiciliar e passou a ocorrer em hospitais, enquanto o tipo de parto deixou de ser vaginal a partir da década 50 e passou a ser majoritariamente cesáreo até o final da década de 2010. Já no município do Rio de Janeiro houve a predominância dos partos em ambiente hospitalar no período de 2011 a 2017 e um elevado percentual de parto cesáreos (56,39%), tanto no setor público (38,19%) quanto no privado (91,05%), sendo estatisticamente maior no setor privado

Objective: to characterize the clinic-epidemiological profile of births in Brazil (1930-2018) and in hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro (2011-2017), from data gathered in The Information System about Live Births and civil record. Methods: This paper was divided in two sections. To evaluate the epidemiological profile of the births in Brazil was performed an integrative review of literature in papers aiming to analyze the historical development of births. In order to a perform the electronical search were consulted the SciELO and LILACS databases through BVS, Medline through PubMed and Google Scholar. For the search of papers related to place and type pf births were used the descriptors "live birth", "nascimentos", "nascidos vivos", "SINASC", "local de parto", "município", "partos vaginais", "partos cesáreos", "Brasil" and its variations. Were considered in this review the complete papers, Masters dissertations and thesis, published in Portuguese, Spanish or English with more than 500 births alive. Then was executed a transversal descriptive study in the cohort of living births in hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro between 2011 and 2017. Were collected sociodemographic and obstetrics characteristics and also information about the births alive, available in the notification file of the alive births. The analysis were performed in Statistical Package for Social Science 22.0 with significance level of 5%. Results: Considering 87 publications between 1930 and 2018, 81,6% of them published from the '1990 decade, 9 (10,34%) informed about place, 27 (31,03%) about place and type and 51 (58,63%) only about type of childbirth. The home deliveries decrease progressively since the '30 decade (93,8%) until de '60 decade (51,9%), been overcame by the hospital deliveries from de '70 decade, increasing from 66,1% then to 99% at the end of the 2010 decade The vaginal delivery were the most frequent between the '50 decade (97%) and the '80 decade (56%), and was overcame by the caesarean deliveries that reached 80% at the end of the 2010 decade. In the city of Rio de Janeiro, were 640.126 live births between 2011 and 2017, 99,2% of them in hospitals. In that time there were an increase of 35 years-old or more mothers (16,4%) and proportional decrease of teenage mothers (15,1%); the schooling was intermediate, with 47,4% of the mothers with high school graduation; 49,4% where brown race; 62,6% single, 98,9% living in the city of Rio de Janeiro; increase in the numbers of prenatal medical appointments (73,8%); 81,1% of the first prenatal medical appointment in the pregnancy first trimester; and 56,4% of cesarean delivery. The public healthcare was accountable for most of the deliveries (65,56%), with a higher percentage of teenagers mother (22,45%), with intermediate schooling (54,67%), brown race (61,54%), single (78,51%), with less prenatal medical appointments (61,54%) and vaginal delivery been the most common (61,81%). In the private healthcare, a significant portion older than 35 years (26,85%), high schooling with graduation (51,01%), white (66,77%), married (59,78%), with seven or more prenatal medical appointments (92,58%), with first one in the first trimester (94,34%) and a high percentage of caesarean deliveries (91,05%). Conclusion: Between 1930 and 2018 in Brazil, the place of birth was displaced from the household to hospitals. Regarding the mode of delivery, a shift from the vaginal to cesarean section started in the 1950 decade on, being mostly C-section by the end of the 2010 decade. In the city of Rio de Janeiro there were a predominance of childbirth in hospitals in the considered period and a high proportion of cesarean (56,39%) both in the public (38,19%) and the private sector (91,05%), far higher in private sector.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii en embarazadas en siete hospitales de Buenos Aires: Comparación entre 2006 y 2017 / Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in pregnant women in seven hospitals in Buenos Aires area. Comparison 2006 vs. 2017

Se analizó; de forma retrospectiva la presencia de anticuerpos só;©ricos IgG e IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii en las embarazadas que concurrieron a siete hospitales del ó;rea Metropolitana de Buenos Aires durante 2006 y 2017. La prevalencia de infecció;n, medida como presencia de anticuerpos, en 2006 vs. 2017, fue: Hospital Alemán: 22 y 17% (p = 0.004), Hospital Fiorito: 44 y 33% (p < 0.001), Hospital Gandulfo: 30 y 34% (p 0.025), Hospital Grierson: 60 y 44% (p < 0.001), Hospital Rivadavia: 59 y 51% (p=0.003), Maternidad Sardá 47 y 39% (p < 0.001) y Hospital Thompson: 61 y 51% (p < 0.001). La comparació;n demostró; una disminució;n estadísticamente significativa de la seroprevalencia en seis hos pitales. Tambín disminuyeron significativamente la reactividad para IgM en 2017 respecto de 2006 y la seroprevalencia para T. gondii en el total de la població;n de embarazadas estudiadas, lo que significa un mayor nó;ºmero de mujeres susceptible de desarrollar infecció;n aguda durante el embarazo.

We analyzed the presence of IgG and IgM anti- Toxoplasma gondii, as a measure of infection, in pregnant women attending seven hospitals in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires during 2006 and 2017. T. gondii seroprevalence in 2006 vs. 2017, was: Hospital Alemán: 22 and 17% (p = 0.004), Hospital Fiorito: 44 and 33% (p < 0.001), Hospital Gandulfo: 30 and 34% (p 0.025), Hospital Grierson 60 and 44% (p < 0.001), Hospital Rivadavia: 59 and 51% (p = 0.003), Hospital Sardá: 47 and 39% (p < 0. 001), and Hospital Thompson: 61 and 51% (p < 0.001). The comparison showed a significant decrease in seroprevalence in six hospitals. We also observed a significant decrease in the reactivity for IgM in 2017 compared to 2006 and in the seroprevalence for T. gondii in the overall population of pregnant women in the study. This means that a greater number of women are susceptible to develop acute infection during pregnancy.

Clinical and epidemiological features of tuberculosis in children and adolescents / Características clínicas e epidemiológicas da tuberculose em crianças e adolescentes / Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la tuberculosis en niños y adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological features of tuberculosis in children and adolescents in an infectious diseases reference hospital. Method: A documental and retrospective study was carried out with 88 medical files in an infectious diseases reference hospital in the state of Ceará. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate and multivariate approaches. Results: It was found that, depending on the tuberculosis type, its manifestations may vary. The logistic regression model considered only pulmonary tuberculosis due to a number of observations and included female sex (95% CI: 1.4-16.3), weight loss (95% CI: 1.8-26.3), bacilloscopic screening (95% CI: 1.5-16.6) and sputum collected (95% CI: 1.4-19.4) as possible predictors. Conclusions: Children and adolescents present different manifestations of the disease depending on the tuberculosis type that affects them. Knowing the most common features of each condition could enhance early diagnosis and, consequently, result in adequate treatment and care.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as características clínicas e epidemiológicas da tuberculose em crianças e adolescentes de um hospital de referência em doenças infecciosas. Método: Foi realizado um estudo documental e retrospectivo com 88 prontuários médicos em um hospital de referência em doenças infecciosas no estado do Ceará. Os dados foram analisados através das abordagens univariada, bivariada e multivariada. Resultados: Verificou-se que, dependendo do tipo de tuberculose, suas manifestações podem variar. O modelo de regressão logística considerou apenas a tuberculose pulmonar devido a um número de observações e incluiu sexo feminino (IC 95%: 1,4-16,3), perda de peso (IC 95%: 1,8-26,3) e baciloscopia (IC 95%: 1,5-16,6) com coleta de escarro (IC95%: 1,4-19,4) como possíveis preditores. Conclusão: Crianças e adolescentes apresentam diferentes manifestações da doença dependendo do tipo de tuberculose que os afeta. Conhecer as características mais comuns de cada condição pode melhorar o diagnóstico precoce e, consequentemente, levar a tratamentos e cuidados adequados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la tuberculosis en niños y adolescentes en un hospital de referencia de enfermedades infecciosas. Método: Se realizó un estudio documental y retrospectivo con 88 archivos médicos en un hospital de referencia de enfermedades infecciosas en el estado de Ceará. Se analizaron los datos por enfoques univariados, bivariados y multivariados. Resultados: Se encontró que, dependiendo del tipo de tuberculosis, sus manifestaciones pueden variar. El modelo de regresión logística consideró solo la tuberculosis pulmonar, debido a varias, observaciones e incluyó el género femenino (IC 95%: 1,4-16,3), la pérdida de peso (IC 95%: 1,8-26,3), la revisión baciloscopia (95 % CI: 1,5-16,6) y el esputo recolectado (95% CI: 1,4-19,4) como posibles predictores. Conclusiones: Los niños y adolescentes presentan diferentes manifestaciones de la enfermedad en función del tipo de tuberculosis que los afecta. Conocer las características más comunes de cada afección podría mejorar el diagnóstico temprano y, en consecuencia, resultar en un tratamiento y atención adecuados.

Programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos en Perú: un acuerdo sobre lo fundamental / Antimicrobial Stewardship programs in Peru: a fundamental agreement

Resumen Introducción: La resistencia a los antimicrobianos (RAM) es una amenaza para la salud pública mundial. Los programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos (PROAs) son programas que promueven su adecuado uso, mejoran los resultados clínicos, económicos y contribuyen a contener la RAM. Objetivos: Evaluar las fases de diagnóstico e implementación temprana de los PROAs en tres hospitales de alta complejidad pertenecientes al Sistema de Seguridad Social del Perú. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico, cuasi experimental. La estructuración de los programas, las líneas de base microbiológicas, el consumo de antimicrobianos y los consensos fueron evaluadas durante los períodos de diagnóstico inicial y durante la implementación temprana de los PROAs. Resultados: Con posterioridad a la implementación, los hospitales duplicaron la puntuación de recursos disponibles para los programas (6,75 vs 13,75). La prevalencia de enterobacterias portadoras de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido era de 50-60%, mientras que la resistencia a carbapenémicos en Pseudomonas aeruginosa promedió el 69%. La dosis diaria definida de ceftriaxona fue de 13,63, de 7,35 para vancomicina y 6,73 para meropenem en promedio. Los hospitales A y C disminuyeron el uso de antimicrobianos en 30 a 50%. Discusión: A través de estrategias diseñadas por equipos multidisciplinarios para implementar los PROAs, se logró disminuir tempranamente el consumo de antimicrobianos de amplio espectro.

Background. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health. Antibiotic stewardship programs (AMSP) promote the proper use of antimicrobials, improve clinical and economic outcomes, and helps containing the AMR. Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic phase of the AMS programs and early implementation of AMS at three high complexity hospitals that belong to the social security system in Peru. Methods: A quasi-experimental multicenter study was implemented. The construction of the AMSP, microbiological baselines, antimicrobial consumption and consensus on AMS activities were evaluated at the diagnosis and early implementation periods of the AMSP. Results: Following implementation, hospitals doubled their score of resources and processes available for the AMS program from 6.75 to 13.75. The prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteria was 50-60% while Pseudomonas aeruginosa averaged 69% resistance to carbapenems. The defined daily dose (DDD) of ceftriaxone was 13.63, vancomycin 7.35 and meropenem 6.73 in average. Hospitals A and C decreased the use of antimicrobials (30-50%). Discussion: The implementation of the AMSP in the three hospitals was achieved through diverse strategies designed by multidisciplinary teams, which in addition to its articulation, reduce the consumption of broad spectrum antimicrobials at an early stage.

Real-world evidence of dengue burden on hospitals in mexico: insights from the automated subsystem of hospital discharges (saeh) database

Abstract Background The incidence of dengue in Mexico has increased in recent decades. It has been suggested that dengue outbreaks may compromise treatment quality in hospitals. Objective The objective of the study was to quantify the burden imposed by dengue on hospital services in Mexico. Methods We analyzed 19.2 million records contained in the database of hospital services of the Mexican Ministry of Health between 2008 and 2014. The number of admissions due to dengue was compared to other potentially preventable hospitalizations. Hospital departments were categorized to reflect dengue-related activity as high dengue activity (HDA), low dengue activity (LDA), or zero dengue activity departments, and the impact of dengue activity on general in-hospital mortality in HDA departments was assessed. Results Dengue was the cause of more hospital admissions than most of the potentially preventable prevalent acute and chronic conditions and other infectious diseases. In HDA departments, dengue patient load was found to be a significant risk factor for overall in-hospital mortality. There was an approximately two-fold higher dengue case-fatality rate in LDA versus HDA departments, irrespective of dengue severity. Conclusions This study confirms that dengue is an important cause of hospitalization in Mexico and highlights the impact of dengue activity not only on dengue case-fatality rate but also on the overall in-hospital mortality.

Occupational accidents with biological material in a school hospital / Accidentes de trabajo con material biológico en un hospital escuela / Acidentes de trabalho com material biológico em um hospital escola

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze occupational accidents with exposure of nursing technicians to biological material in a school hospital. Method: nursing technicians were invited to answer a questionnaire related to occupational accidents with biological material. Results: 275 professionals from 9 hospital units participated. 76% reported having suffered an accident and the variables "age group" and "employment regime" showed a significant association for accidents (p<0.05). Those hired by the Consolidation of Labor Laws (CLT - Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho) employment regime were 3.5 times more likely to suffer accidents (p=0.04) and institutional capacity building did not show statistical significance (p>0.05). Conclusion: the increase in the number of training did not ensure the reduction of occupational accidents with biological material; and nursing technicians under the age of 30 were more vulnerable. Professionals with a CLT labor contract were more affected than the statutory employees.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la ocurrencia de accidentes de trabajo con la exposición de técnicos de enfermería a material biológico en un hospital escuela. Método: los profesionales fueron invitados a responder un cuestionario relacionado con la ocurrencia de accidentes de trabajo con material biológico. Resultados: participaron 275 profesionales de 9 unidades del hospital El 76% declaró haber sufrido algún accidente y las variables "grupo de edad" y "formas de trabajo" mostraron una asociación significativa para la ocurrencia de accidentes (p<0,05). Los contratados por la forma de trabajo bajo la Consolidación de las Leyes del Trabajo (CLT) presentaron 3,5 más probabilidades de sufrir accidentes (p=0,04) y la capacitación institucional no demostró significancia estadística (p>0,05). Conclusión: el aumento del número de capacitaciones no ha asegurado la disminución de los accidentes de trabajo con material biológico; y los técnicos de enfermería menores de 30 años fueron más vulnerables. Los profesionales con vínculo laborista en la CLT se accidentaron más que los estatutarios.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho com exposição a material biológico de técnicos de enfermagem em um hospital escola. Método: técnicos de enfermagem foram convidados a responder um questionário relacionado à ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho com material biológico. Resultados: participaram 275 profissionais de 9 unidades do hospital. 76% declararam ter sofrido acidente e as variáveis "faixa etária" e "regime de trabalho" mostraram associação significativa para ocorrência de acidentes (p < 0,05). Os contratados pelo regime de trabalho pela Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT) apresentaram 3,5 mais chances de sofrerem acidentes (p=0,04) e a capacitação institucional não demonstrou significância estatística (p > 0,05). Conclusão: o aumento do número de capacitações não assegurou a diminuição dos acidentes de trabalho com material biológico; e os técnicos de enfermagem com idade inferior a 30 anos foram mais vulneráveis. Os profissionais com vínculo trabalhista celetista acidentaram-se mais que os servidores estatutários.

Tendencia de las defunciones ocurridas en mayores de 1 año según lugar de ocurrencia y su relación con características sociodemográficas, Chile 1997-2014 / Temporal variation in the place of death in Chile from 1997 to 2014

Background: The place of death is a fundamental indicator for the debate on equity and access to health care. Aim: To describe the place of death of the deceased population over 1 year of age in Chile between the years 1997 and 2014. To analyze tendencies in this variable and its association with socio-demographic characteristics. Material and Methods: Time series study covering deaths occurred between 1997 and 2014 in Chile. National death records were used, provided by the Department of Health Statistics and Information (DEIS) of the Chilean Ministry of Health. The following variables were chosen: place of death (home, hospital, other), sex, marital status, age, level of education, activity and area of residence. Temporal trends were evaluated using Prais Winsten regressions. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of the place of death with socio-demographic characteristics. Results: Between 1997 and 2014 there were 1,576,392 deaths, at a mean age of 69 years (p25-p75:60-83 years). No temporal variations in the place of death were observed with the Prais Winsten regression, hospital (P-W coefficient (coef) = 0.06 (confidence intervals (CI): −0.30; 0.19), p = 0.64), home (P-W coef = −0.03 (CI: −0.15; 0.09), p = 0.57), and other places (P-W coef = 0.07; (CI: −0.08 - 0.22), p = 0.32). The multivariate analysis showed that being women under 70 years of age, being married or widowed, having a higher educational level, being inactive and living in a rural area were factors associated with a greater chance of dying at home. Conclusions: No significant temporal variation in the place of death was observed.

Impacto da inconformidade dos registros de enfermagem no contexto das glosas hospitalares / Impact of the nonconformity of nursing notes in the context of hospital glosses

Objective: to describe the impact of nonconformity of nursing notes in the context of hospital glosses. Method:retrospective, documental and descriptive study, carried out by analyzing financial statements of patients' records of the hospital's sector of private health insurance. The data were collected between April and May 2017, which were later analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results:a total of 194 financial statements of the medical records were analyzed and, among the found glosses, the nursing notes stand out,being responsible for the hospital glosses, mainly: the absence of nursing notes and evolutions; absence of medication check; and absence of evidence of accomplishment or exchange of dressings. Although the financial impact has been almost inexpressive, the impact on the quality of care can be immeasurable. Conclusion: it is concluded that it is important to use strategies such as applicability of concurrent auditing to reduce hospital glosses, to provide improvements in health outcomes and ensure qualityin nursing care

Objetivo: descrever o impacto da inconformidade dos registros de enfermagem no contexto das glosas hospitalares. Método: estudo retrospectivo, documental e descritivo, realizado por meio de análise de demonstrativos financeiros de prontuários de pacientes de um Hospital de Convênio privado de saúde. A coleta dos dados ocorreu entre os meses de abril e maio de 2017, os quais, posteriormente, foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva.Resultados: 194 demonstrativos financeiros dos prontuários foram analisados e, dentre as glosas encontradas, destacam-se os registros de enfermagem, sendo responsáveis pelas glosas hospitalares, preponderantemente: a ausência de anotações e evoluções de enfermagem; ausência de checagem de medicações; e ausência de evidências de troca ou realização de curativo. Embora o impacto financeiro tenha sido quase inexpressivo, o impacto na qualidade da assistência pode ser imensurável. Conclusão: conclui-se que é importante o uso de estratégias como aplicabilidade da auditoria concorrente para reduzir as glosas hospitalares, proporcionar melhorias nos resultados de saúde e, em especial, assegurar qualidade nos cuidados de enfermagem.

Huella de carbono en el Hospital Base de Puerto Montt / Measurement of the carbon footprint at a regional hospital

Background: Measuring the carbon footprint (CF) makes it possible to estimate the contribution of clinical activity to global warming. Aim: To measure the emitter components of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) at the Hospital Base, Puerto Montt (HBPM). Material and methods: Descriptive study with data collected retrospectively between January and December 2016 from the HBPM database. The data analyzes direct and indirect emissions as well as other indirect emissions beyond the organizational limits. Results: Of the 9,660.3 tons of CO2e emitted by the HBPM in 2016, 46% were derived from consumption of electricity, 29% derived from the generation of residues, and 10% from clinical gas consumption, of which Sevoflurane was the greatest contributor. Conclusions: Clinical gases are a significant source of CO2e emissions. Sevoflurane alone is in fourth place in CO2e emissions at the HBPM. Estimating the CF produced by HBPM is the first step in the discussion of measures to reduce the environmental impact of our activity.

Clinical validation of fall prevention behavior in a hospital environment / Validación clínica del comportamiento de prevención de caídas en ambiente hospitalario / Validação clínica do comportamento de prevenção de quedas em ambiente hospitalar

ABSTRACT Objective: Clinically validate the Nursing Outcome Behavior of falls prevention in hospitalized patients. Method: This was a cross-sectional study developed at a public university hospital with a sample of 45 patients. The data collection was performed through the evaluation of four nurses, with a double used the instrument with the constitutive and operational definitions of the indicators and magnitudes of the Fall Prevention Behavior Result, while the other pair did not use such definitions. Results: When applying the non-parametric analysis of variance by the Friedman test, ten indicators showed statistical differences between the inferences made by the evaluators for each patient. In relation to the intraclass correlation coefficient, confidence interval and p value assigned to each indicator of the scale, most of the indicators were statistically significant. Conclusions: The instrument referring to the Fall Behavior Outcome Behavior was considered valid for the study population.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Validar clínicamente el Resultado de Enfermería Comportamiento de prevención de caídas en pacientes hospitalizados en ambiente hospitalario. Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal desarrollado en un hospital universitario público, con una muestra de 45 pacientes. La recolección de datos ocurrió mediante evaluación de cuatro enfermeros, dado que un par utilizó el instrumento con las definiciones constitutivas y operativas de los indicadores y magnitudes del Resultado Comportamiento de prevención de caídas, mientas que otro par no utilizó estas definiciones. Resultados: Al aplicar el análisis de varianza no paramétrica por la prueba de Friedman, diez indicadores mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre las inferencias hechas por los evaluadores para cada paciente. En cuanto al coeficiente de correlación intraclase, intervalo de confianza y valor p asignado a cada indicador de la escala, la mayoría de los indicadores fue estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones: El instrumento referente al Resultado Comportamiento de prevención de caídas fue considerado válido para la población estudiada.

RESUMO Objetivo: Validar clinicamente o Resultado de Enfermagem Comportamento de prevenção de quedas em pacientes internados em ambiente hospitalar. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal desenvolvido em um hospital universitário público, com uma amostra de 45 pacientes. A coleta de dados ocorreu mediante avaliação de quatro enfermeiros, sendo que uma dupla utilizou o instrumento com as definições constitutivas e operacionais dos indicadores e magnitudes do Resultado Comportamento de prevenção de quedas, enquanto a outra dupla não utilizou tais definições. Resultados: Ao aplicar a análise de variância não paramétrica pelo teste de Friedman, dez indicadores mostraram diferenças estatísticas entre as inferências feitas pelos avaliadores para cada paciente. Em relação ao coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, intervalo de confiança e valor p atribuído a cada indicador da escala, a maioria dos indicadores foi estatisticamente significante. Conclusões: O instrumento referente ao Resultado Comportamento de prevenção de quedas foi considerado válido para a população estudada.